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Suspension: operating principle, malfunctions, repair and replacement
Vehicle suspension is an assembly of elements that connects the wheels of a vehicle with its body or frame, and ensures the required direction of movement of the wheels in relation to the chassis.
Main types
By design:
- Dependent. It features a rigid connection between two wheels of the same axle: when the left one moves, the right one changes its position as well. The axle is attached to the body with the help of leaf springs or control arms.
- Independent. In this layout, each wheel is attached to the car separately with the help of one or several control arms.
By the number of arms:
- With one control arm. An example of this layout is the MacPherson strut suspension, which only has one lower arm with three mounting points. You can see it on very many cars, especially on the front axle, as it is notable for an affordable price, high maintainability, and ensures quite a comfortable ride.
- With two control arms. They can be placed longitudinally, transversely or diagonally with respect to the car’s longitudinal axis. This design is characterised by high energy absorption, excellently handles bumps on the road, but takes up quite a lot of space.
- With four or more control arms. This layout is the most expensive but features the best characteristics.
Main components and operation specifics of the suspension
The control arms ensure limited vertical motion of the wheels and guide them. An arm is attached to the wheel hub with a ball joint. The wheel hub bearing ensures rotation of the hub around its axis. The brake disc and the wheel are attached to the wheel hub.
In order to prevent body roll and to ensure the maximum stability of the vehicle, stabilisers are used. As the fastening elements of suspension, ball joints, which ensure a movable connection between parts, and rubber bushings, which absorb vibrations are used.
Most common malfunctions
- Bushes and ball joints wear out, usually due to being exposed to deicing agents, careless driving on bumpy roads, use of poor quality components.
- Control arms may get deformed if subjected to a strong impact when driving over an obstacle or in a collision.
- А wheel hub bearing breaks down, which may be caused by dust and moisture getting inside, and the lubricant being washed out due to deterioration of the seals.
Proven ways to extend the service life of the system
Always buy car parts of good quality. Replace damaged parts in due time as they might cause other system’s components getting out of order. Have them installed by professionals. Try to drive carefully, especially on bad bumpy roads.
What you should know about repairing the suspension
Suspension repairs involve changing worn-out components: bushes, control arms, struts, hub bearings. Adjustment is also needed. Using damaged components is unacceptable as this adversely affects steerability and might lead to a car accident.
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